By: Abirami Sudharshan
In October 2018, the McMaster faculty of health sciences launched the “Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research,” an initiative ten years in the making.
Since then, the centre has been working to engineer novel clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of adult and juvenile metabolic disease.
According to the agenda from the Oct. 18 McMaster board of governors meeting, 25 per cent of adults in Canada and around the world are affected by obesity, type two diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Every year, the Canadian health care system incurs more than $30 billion per year in incurred related costs.
The founding of the MODR centre, which was approved by the senate in April 2018, allows for the accelerated progression of pre-clinical to human research.
This is largely made possible through the MODR’s collaborative and multidisciplinary approach to metabolic research, according to a report in the Oct. 18 board of governors agenda.
“The MODR brings together a rich and diverse group of researchers from across McMaster University… with expertise ranging from cellular metabolism, physiology, clinical epidemiology, population health, pediatrics, adult medicine and clinical trials… who share a passion for collaborating and sharing insights and perspectives,” said Hertzel Gerstein, the centre’s senior advisor at the McMaster faculty of medicine.
Co-directors Katherine Morrison and Gregory Steinberg are studying these diseases at the clinical and cellular level, respectively.
Under their guidance, the centre is set to flourish as a world expert in determining the biological drivers behind metabolism disruption, understanding their mechanics and translating this knowledge into feasible, effective and clinical solutions.
“Ten years from now, we hope to have made a significant impact on the lives of people living with metabolic diseases by having developed new therapies,” said Steinberg.
The MODR is currently facilitating a number of metabolism-related research projects.
One project Steinberg and Morrison are leading is the “Gene Environment Team on Brown/Beige Adipose Tissue” project, which aims to understand the underlying causes of obesity, type two diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
According to the project description, brown adipose tissue is essentially the body’s furnace, burning sugar and fat in the body.
“In individuals with obesity or T2D the ability to switch on BAT is compromised, but the reasons for this are not well understood,” reads a statement on the MODR’s website. “The GET_BAT team is examining how agricultural and food processing practices may regulate BAT metabolic activity, directly, or indirectly by altering the gut microbiome.”
The results from these studies are expected to help the researchers develop strategies to increase BAT activity and treat and prevent metabolic disease.
Another project underway, the “Baby & Mi and Baby & Pre-Mi Studies,” is investigating the impact of gut bacteria on long-term health.
In particular, the study will be one of the first in North America to explore factors that may alter the gut bacteria picked up in the first three years of life.
In another study, Steinberg will be testing new medicines that impact proteins in the liver and adipose tissue in effort to treat type two diabetes.
More information about the research being conducted at the MODR can be found at https://healthsci.mcmaster.ca/metabolism-research.
[thesil_related_posts_sc]Related Posts[/thesil_related_posts_sc]
By: Bernard Ho
In patients experiencing diabetes mellitus, the body is either unable to produce insulin or is resistant to the body’s own insulin. The usual treatment for this ailment is exercise and dietary modifications, but when the disease becomes more severe, exogenous insulin injections must be given on a consistent basis in order to regulate blood sugar levels. However, past observational studies have shown that higher insulin levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, insulin injections to treat diabetes may lead to problems elsewhere in the body.
Recently, researchers at McMaster University put this belief to the test. Dr. Hertzel Gerstein, a professor at McMaster’s DeGroote School of Medicine and deputy director of the Population Health Research Institute, conducted a randomized control trial along with several other researchers to determine whether exogenous insulin increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. In the study, over 12,500 people from 40 countries, who were at high risk for or were in the early stages of Type II diabetes, were randomized to either one daily injection of insulin or no insulin for an average of six years. After analyzing the data, researchers found no difference amongst the two groups in cardiovascular outcomes.
“People have been debating the question of whether there are adverse consequences to long-term insulin use for years,” said Gerstein. “This study provides the clearest answer yet to that question: no, there are not.” Indeed, the hazard ratio for heart disease between the treatment groups was 1.02, meaning that those who were given insulin experienced cardiovascular outcomes at almost the same rate as those who were not. Moreover, the participants of the study given insulin maintained normal fasting blood sugar levels, below 6 mmol/L.
A second key finding discovered by the researchers was that those who do not yet have diabetes, but are at a high risk of developing the illness and who receive daily insulin injections, have a 28% lower chance of developing the disease, even after the injections are stopped. This suggests that some people who start insulin injections won’t necessarily be looking at treatment for the rest of their lives. The study also confirmed the presence of two previously known side effects of exogenous insulin – hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and modest weight gain. Both were considered to be minor from a medical perspective, with participants experiencing a small risk of hypoglycemia and gaining an average of 3.5 pounds during the study.
This study was part of a larger study known as the ORIGIN (Outcome Reduction with Initial Glargine Intervention) Trial, led by Dr. Gerstein and Dr. Salim Yusuf, that also looked at the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases. The ORIGIN Trial has since been completed and the results have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
